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LSD is an acronym for the German chemical name Lysergsäure-Diethylamide (English: Lysergic Acid Diethylamide), a powerful semi-synthetic hallucinogen derived from the ergot fungus that infects grains of rye. Early in its history, various corporate medical workers observed some schizophrenics had used LSD.〔 The early work thought that LSD-induced hallucinations or psychosis resembled so-called schizophrenic hallucinations, and "LSD psychotics" resembled so-called schizophrenics.〔 Surveys of so-called schizophrenics found apparently high LSD usage rates. This led to the hypothesis that LSD is one of the causes of schizophrenia, with the mechanism being related to the serotonin neurotransmitter.〔〔 Research into any connection between schizophrenia and LSD (or hallucinogenics) has been largely eliminated by the banning of LSD and no straightforward experimental test has been done. ==Objections== Difficulties with the hypothesis include: # schizophrenics use many stimulants as well as hallucinogenics, some to cope, self-medicate, and for other reasons;〔 it seems unlikely that, say, nicotine or alcohol cause schizophrenia. Similarly, amphetamines can produce similar symptoms without apparently causing schizophrenia.〔 # this use of many drugs introduces considerable confounds - even if a chemical is harmless, the lifestyle and impurities can cause issues # the suggested serotonergic abnormalities did not pan out〔 # the similarity of symptoms may have been overstated〔 # no apparent epidemiological correlations ## One would predict changes in schizophrenia diagnosis rates with changes in LSD usage, and one would predict seeing shocks like the US (and quickly, international) LSD ban reflected. This does not seem to have occurred; none of the papers mention any such "coincidence", nor any anomalies in age cohorts (e.g. an unexpected drop in diagnoses for "40 year-olds" when this drop is observed 20 years after the LSD ban) ## A gender imbalance in favor of men, whereas lifetime rate of schizophrenia are equal for the genders once late-onset victims are included ((Hafner & Heiden 1997 )) ## An economic imbalance in favor of the wealthy, who can afford recreational drugs such as LSD ## And many other such factors, whereas the true incidence rates seem smoothly varying over a small range over most times & places, leading Hafner & Heiden to write (emphasis added): ::: The transnational variability of the incidence rates decreases as the stringency of studies increases. The national studies show the greatest variation in methodology, for example, diagnostic definitions and case findings. In the intermediate section, annual incidence rates for a broadly defined diagnosis of schizophrenia (ICD 295 or CATEGO S, P, and O), based on the same sample as in section III, show less but still considerable variation, whereas in section III, based on a restrictive and highly reliable diagnosis of nuclear schizophrenia (CATEGO S), no significant differences can be seen, the annual rates varying around 10/100,000. For example, Australia with some of the lowest rates is not famous for LSD absence, and Indonesia is not famous for its high consumption of LSD (as opposed to opiates or amphetamines). 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「LSD and schizophrenia」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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